15.2 Public Sector Parking Pricing

Reduce vehicle trips and VMT through disincentives.

Description

Cities modify parking fee and time structures at municipal facilities to discourage use of the facility. The measure can include increasing charges for peak hour parking, raising parking fees equivalent to commercial facilities, or not having a daily maximum parking fee.

Application

Cities and the areas within them with controlled parking.

$$\text{Daily Emission Reduction (grams/day)} = A + B$$

$$A = \mathit{VT}_{R} \times \mathit{TEF}_{\mathit{AUTO}}$$

Reduction in auto start emissions from trips reductions

$$B = \sum \mathit{VMT}_{R} \times \mathit{EF}_{B}$$

Reduction in auto running exhaust emissions from trip reductions

$$1 = F_{\mathit{SOV}} + F_{T,\mathit{SOV}} + F_{\mathit{RS},\mathit{SOV}} + F_{\mathit{BW},\mathit{SOV}}$$

The fractions of affected drivers that will continue to drive SOVs and those that shift to other available modes

$$\mathit{VT}_{R} = (\Delta P_{\mathit{fee}} \times \epsilon_{\mathit{fee}} \times N_{\mathit{PK}} \times U_{P}) \times (1 - F_{\mathit{SOV}}) \times 2 \ \text{trips/day}$$

Change in parking fees multiplied by a price elasticity multiplied by the number of affected parking spaces and their utilization rate multiplied by the fraction of SOVs that make a mode switch multiplied by two trips per day (round trip)

$$\mathit{VMT}_{R,T} = \mathit{VT}_{R} \times F_{T,\mathit{SOV}} \times (\mathit{TL}_{W} - \mathit{TL}_{T})$$

$$\mathit{VMT}_{R,\mathit{RS}} = \mathit{VT}_{R} \times (1 - 1 / \mathit{AVO}_{\mathit{RS}}) \times F_{\mathit{RS},\mathit{SOV}} \times 2 \ \text{trips/day}$$

$$\mathit{VMT}_{R,\mathit{BW}} = \mathit{VT}_{R} \times F_{\mathit{BW},\mathit{SOV}} \times \mathit{TL}_{W}$$

The vehicle trip reduction multiplied by the fraction of SOV drivers that switch to another mode multiplied by the change in average trip length after the mode switch

Variables	(Unit)	Definitions
$\mathit{AVO}_{\mathit{RS}}$	(persons/vehicle)	Average vehicle occupancy of rideshare
$\mathit{EF}_{B}$	(grams/mile)	Speed-based running exhaust emission factor before implementation (NOX, VOC, PM, or CO)
$F_{\mathit{BW},\mathit{SOV}}$	(percent)	Percentage of new participants in the bike/pedestrian programs who previously drove SOVs
$F_{\mathit{RS},\mathit{SOV}}$	(percent)	Percentage of new participants in the rideshare programs who previously drove SOVs
$F_{\mathit{SOV}}$	(percent)	Percentage of those people continuing to use an SOV for their full commute
$F_{T,\mathit{SOV}}$	(percent)	Percentage of new participants using transit facilities who previously drove SOVs
$N_{\mathit{PK}}$		Number of spaces in parking facility
$\mathit{TEF}_{\mathit{AUTO}}$	(grams/trip)	Auto trip-end emission factor (NOX, VOC, PM, or CO)
$\mathit{TL}_{T}$	(mile)	Average auto trip length to transit location
$\mathit{TL}_{W}$	(mile)	Average auto trip length of commute to work
$U_{P}$		Utilization rate of parking facility
$\mathit{VMT}_{R}$		Reduction in daily automobile VMT
$\mathit{VMT}_{R,\mathit{BW}}$		Reduction in daily auto vehicle miles traveled by bike/pedestrian mode
$\mathit{VMT}_{R,\mathit{RS}}$		Reduction in daily auto vehicle miles traveled by rideshare mode
$\mathit{VMT}_{R,T}$		Reduction in daily auto vehicle miles traveled by transit mode
$\mathit{VT}_{R}$	(trip)	Reduction in number of daily vehicle trips
$\Delta P_{\mathit{fee}}$	(percent)	Percentage change in parking fee structure
$\epsilon_{\mathit{fee}}$		Price elasticity for mode shift

Source: Texas A&M Transportation Institute