13.2 Parking Regulations and Standards

Reduce vehicle trips and VMT.

Description

This emission reduction strategy is very similar to those found in Section 17 (“Parking Management”), and the reader is referred to that section for greater detail. In this specific case, the use of the limitations on parking is to encourage and enforce the development of high-density activity centers.

Application

Cities developing activity centers.

$$\text{Daily Emission Reduction (grams/day)} = A + B$$

$$A = \sum \mathit{VT}_{R} \times \mathit{TEF}_{\mathit{AUTO}}$$

Reduction in auto start emissions from trips reductions

$$B = \sum \mathit{VMT}_{R} \times \mathit{EF}_{B}$$

Reduction in auto running exhaust emissions from trip reductions

$$1 = F_{T,\mathit{SOV}} + F_{\mathit{RS},\mathit{SOV}} + F_{\mathit{BW},\mathit{SOV}}$$

The fractions of strategy participants that shift to other modes from SOVs

$$\mathit{VT}_{R,T} = N_{T} \times F_{T,\mathit{SOV}} \times 2 \ \text{trips/day}$$

$$\mathit{VT}_{R,\mathit{RS}} = N_{\mathit{RS}} \times (1 - 1/\mathit{AVO}_{\mathit{RS}}) \times F_{\mathit{RS},\mathit{SOV}} \times 2 \ \text{trips/day}$$

$$\mathit{VT}_{R,\mathit{BW}} = N_{\mathit{BW}} \times F_{\mathit{BW},\mathit{SOV}} \times 2 \ \text{trips/day}$$

The number of participants multiplied by the fraction of SOV drivers that switch to another mode multiplied by two trips per day (round trip)

$$\mathit{VMT}_{R,T} = \mathit{VT}_{R,T} \times (\mathit{TL}_{W} - \mathit{TL}_{T})$$

$$\mathit{VMT}_{R,\mathit{RS}} = \mathit{VT}_{R,\mathit{RS}} \times (\mathit{TL}_{W} - \mathit{TL}_{\mathit{RS}})$$

$$\mathit{VMT}_{R,\mathit{BW}} = \mathit{VT}_{R,\mathit{BW}} \times \mathit{TL}_{W}$$

The vehicle trip reduction multiplied by the change in average trip length after the mode switch

Variables	(Unit)	Definitions
$\mathit{AVO}_{\mathit{RS}}$	(persons/vehicle)	Average vehicle occupancy of rideshare
$\mathit{EF}_{B}$	(grams/mile)	Speed-based running exhaust emission factor before implementation (NOX, VOC, PM, or CO)
$F_{\mathit{BW},\mathit{SOV}}$	(percent)	Percentage of new participants in the bike/pedestrian programs who previously drove SOVs
$F_{\mathit{RS},\mathit{SOV}}$	(percent)	Percentage of new participants in the rideshare programs who previously drove SOVs
$F_{T,\mathit{SOV}}$	(percent)	Percentage of new participants using transit facilities who previously drove SOVs
$N_{\mathit{BW}}$		Number of participants in bicycle/pedestrian programs
$N_{\mathit{RS}}$		Number of participants in rideshare
$N_{T}$		Number of participants using transit facilities
$\mathit{TEF}_{\mathit{AUTO}}$	(grams/trip)	Auto trip-end emission factor (NOX, VOC, PM, or CO)
$\mathit{TL}_{\mathit{RS}}$	(mile)	Average auto trip length to rideshare facility
$\mathit{TL}_{T}$	(mile)	Average auto trip length to transit facility
$\mathit{TL}_{W}$	(mile)	Average auto trip length to work
$\mathit{VMT}_{R}$		Reduction in daily auto vehicle miles traveled
$\mathit{VMT}_{R,\mathit{BW}}$		Reduction in daily auto vehicle miles traveled by bike/pedestrian mode
$\mathit{VMT}_{R,\mathit{RS}}$		Reduction in daily auto vehicle miles traveled by rideshare mode
$\mathit{VMT}_{R,T}$		Reduction in daily auto vehicle miles traveled by transit mode
$\mathit{VT}_{R}$	(trip)	Reduction in number of daily vehicle trips
$\mathit{VT}_{R,\mathit{BW}}$	(trip)	Reduction in number of daily vehicle trips by bike/pedestrian mode
$\mathit{VT}_{R,\mathit{RS}}$	(trip)	Reduction in number of daily vehicle trips by rideshare mode
$\mathit{VT}_{R,T}$	(trip)	Reduction in number of daily vehicle trips by transit mode

Source: CalTrans/CARB (adapted by Texas A&M Transportation Institute)